ITF Taekwondo Forms: Their Names, Meanings, and Significance

What are ITF Taekwondo forms? For anyone stepping onto the training floor of an ITF Taekwondo school, these pre-arranged sequences of movements are the very heart of the martial art. There are many taekwondo schools worldwide, and each school may have its own unique approach or curriculum. Known as tuls (툴) in Korean, ITF Taekwondo patterns are far more than just a series of kicks and punches; they’re a living encyclopedia of Taekwondo techniques, a philosophical journey, and a profound connection to Korean history.

The International Taekwondo Federation (ITF), founded by General Choi Hong Hi, established 24 distinct forms. Each of these patterns is meticulously designed to develop crucial skills like balance, power, precision, and focus. They’re essential for every belt test, guiding students from their initial Taekwondo color belt forms all the way to mastering the advanced black belt taekwondo forms. Unlike WTF Taekwondo (or World Taekwondo Federation), which focuses on Taegeuk forms or Palgwe forms and Poomsae, each style—ITF and WTF—has its own set of forms and distinct approach. ITF Taekwondo patterns are steeped in the vision of General Choi Hong Hi, symbolizing the 24 hours in a day, and the relentless pursuit of perfection. This guide will delve into each of the 24 ITF patterns, revealing their specific meaning, names, and profound connection to Korean history and philosophical idea.

The Foundation: Understanding ITF Taekwondo Patterns

ITF Taekwondo patterns are unique in their methodology and application. They emphasize realistic self-defense, power generation, coordination, precision, balance, and focus, differentiating them significantly from other Taekwondo styles.

What Makes ITF Patterns Unique?

A hallmark of ITF Taekwondo is its emphasis on low stances and powerful, linear techniques. This provides a strong base for generating maximum force. Another distinctive element is the "Sine Wave" motion – a rising and falling movement of the body during techniques that enhances power and fluidity. The ITF Taekwondo patterns were created by General Choi Hong Hi between 1955 and 1965. Every step, block, and strike within a pattern has a specific purpose, contributing to a holistic philosophical idea and practical combat application.

The Role of Patterns in Belt Progression

From the very first day, students learn that mastering Taekwondo patterns is non-negotiable for progress. Most Taekwondo students must learn forms to pass belt tests, which assess their performance of these forms. Each belt test requires proficiency in specific Taekwondo color belt forms for junior ranks, building foundational skills. As students advance, they encounter increasingly complex black belt forms, which challenge their physical and mental fortitude. Black belts represent advanced ranks in Taekwondo and are associated with mastery of the most challenging forms. These higher-level Taekwondo black belt forms demand a deeper understanding of techniques and the embedded historical and philosophical idea.

Deep Dive into Every ITF Taekwondo Form: A Journey Through Korean History and Philosophy

Here, we explore each of the 24 ITF Taekwondo forms, uncovering their names, meanings, and the rich tapestry of Korean history and philosophy woven into their fabric.

1. Chon-Ji (천지)

• Meaning: "Heaven and Earth." This pattern literally means "Heaven and Earth," signifying the creation of the world or the beginning of human history.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: As the first Taekwondo form learned, Chon-Ji introduces fundamental techniques. Its two symmetrical parts represent Heaven and Earth, making it a foundational philosophical idea for students. It contains 19 movements.

2. Dan-Gun (단군)

• Meaning: Named after the Holy Dan-Gun, the legendary founder of Korea in 2333 BC.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: Dan-Gun symbolizes the founding of the Korean nation. Its 21 movements are a basic introduction to new stances and blocks.

3. Do-San (도산)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Chang-Ho (1876-1938), a prominent figure in the Korean independence movement.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 24 movements represent his entire life devoted to promoting education and the independence movement of Korea. This form instills a sense of patriotic duty and the philosophical idea of perseverance.

4. Won-Hyo (원효)

• Meaning: Named after the noted monk Won Hyo, who introduced Buddhism to the Silla Dynasty in 686 A.D.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 28 movements reflect his profound impact on Korean culture and the integration of Buddhist thought.

5. Yul-Gok (율곡)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of the great philosopher and scholar Yi Hwang (1536-1584), also known as Yi I, the "Confucius of Korea."

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 38 movements refer to his birthplace on the 38th parallel. The diagram of the form represents "scholar," embodying the harmony of intellect and martial skill—a core philosophical idea.

6. Joong-Gun (중근)

• Meaning: Named after the patriot Jung Geun (Ahn Joong-Geun, 1879-1910), a leader in the Korean independence movement.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 32 movements represent his age when he was executed in prison. This black belt form is a powerful symbol of the fight for Korean independence.

7. Toi-Gye (퇴계)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of the scholar Yi Hwang (1501-1570), a prominent leader of Neo-Confucianism in Korea.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 37 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on the 37th latitude. The diagram represents "scholar."

8. Hwa-Rang (화랑)

• Meaning: Named after the Hwa-Rang youth group, an elite military and educational organization that originated in the Silla Dynasty.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 29 movements refer to the 29th Infantry Division where Taekwondo developed. It embodies the spirit of discipline, loyalty, and martial prowess that unified the Korean peninsula.

9. Choong-Moo (충무)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of Admiral Yi Sun-sin (1545-1598), a famous naval hero during the Yi Dynasty, credited with inventing the first armored battleship (Kobukson).

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 30 movements commemorate his achievements. The form ending with a left-hand attack symbolizes his regrettable death before showing his full potential. A pivotal part of Korean history.

10. Kwang-Gae (광개)

• Meaning: Named after Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th King of the Koguryo Dynasty, who recovered all lost territories.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 39 movements relate to the first two figures of 391 A.D., the year he came to the throne. The diagram of the form represents expansion and recovery of lost territory, reflecting his historical conquests.

11. Po-Eun (포은)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of Chong Mong-ju (1337-1392), a loyal subject and famous poet during the Koryo Dynasty.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 36 movements and the diagram (which forms a diagonal line) symbolize his unwavering loyalty to the king and country.

12. Gae-Baek (계백)

• Meaning: Named after Gae-Baek, a great general of the Baekje Dynasty.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 44 movements symbolize his courageous, yet tragic, final battle against the Silla Dynasty.

13. Eui-Am (의암)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of Son Byong-Hi (1861-1922), a leader of the Korean independence movement and the March 1, 1919, movement.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 45 movements relate to his age when he became leader of Chondo Kyo. The diagram (vertical line) represents his unbending spirit.

14. Choong-Jang (충장)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of General Kim Duk Ryang (1567-1596), a famous general during the Yi Dynasty.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The final move ends in a left hand strike, symbolizing his tragic death before he could reach his full potential. This form embodies his spirit of self-sacrifice.

15. Juche (주체)

• Meaning: Juche is a philosophical idea of self-reliance, originating in North Korea. This pattern replaced Ko-Dang.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The philosophical idea that man is the master of his own destiny, rooted in Baekdu Mountain. This form signifies a shift towards nationalistic principles within the ITF.

16. Sam-Il (삼일)

• Meaning: Refers to the historic date of the March 1st, 1919 Korean independence movement.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 33 movements symbolize the 33 patriots who initiated the movement against Japanese occupation. This form embodies the collective spirit of Korean independence.

17. Yoo-Sin (유신)

• Meaning: Named after General Kim Yoo Sin (595-673 AD), a commanding general during the Silla Dynasty who unified Korea.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 68 movements refer to the last two figures of 668 A.D., the year Korea was united. The ready posture (sword drawn from the right) symbolizes his regrettable decision to fight with foreign forces.

18. Choi-Yong (최용)

• Meaning: Named after General Choi Yong (1313-1388 AD), Premier and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces during the 14th century Koryo Dynasty.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 46 movements of this black belt form embody his unwavering loyalty, patriotism, and humility.

19. Yon-Gae (연개)

• Meaning: Named after Yon Gaesomun (603-666 AD), a renowned general during the Koguryo Dynasty.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 49 movements refer to the last two figures of 649 A.D., which is the year General Yon Gae Somoon forced the Tang Dynasty to withdraw from Korea.

20. Ul-Ji (을지)

• Meaning: Named after General Ul Ji Mun Dok, who successfully defended Korea against the Tang Dynasty (China) invasion in 612 A.D.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 42 movements in the Ul-Ji pattern refer to General Choi Hong Hi's age when he designed the pattern, not General Ul Ji Mun Dok's age when he led the victory. This pattern symbolizes strategic defense and national pride.

21. Moon-Moo (문무)

• Meaning: Named after King Moon Moo (626-681 AD) of the Silla Dynasty, who unified Korea.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 61 movements do symbolize the last two figures of 661 A.D., the year King Moon Moo ascended to the throne. He also had the desire for his grave to be on the ocean floor, forever protecting Korea from invaders.

22. So-San (소서)

• Meaning: Pseudonym of the great monk Choi Hyong Ung (1520-1604), who organized a monk army to fight Japanese pirates.

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 72 movements refer to the age of the great monk Choi Hyong Ung when he organized a corps of monk soldiers. This form embodies his strategic and martial prowess.

23. Se-Jong (세종)

• Meaning: Named after King Se Jong (1397-1450), the inventor of the Korean alphabet (Hangul).

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: The 24 movements symbolize the 24 letters of the Korean alphabet. This pattern celebrates the cultural independence and intellectual achievement of Korea.

24. Tong-Il (통일)

• Meaning: "Unification."

• Significance & Historical/Philosophical Connection: This pattern symbolizes the reunification of Korea, a profound hope for the Korean people and a central philosophical idea. It contains 56 movements.

Beyond the Form: Practice and Philosophy

Mastering ITF Taekwondo forms goes far beyond mere physical execution. These forms are performed with precision and mastery, whether in training, demonstration, or competition. It requires a deep dive into the philosophical idea behind each pattern and a commitment to consistent, intelligent practice.

How to Effectively Practice ITF Forms

Effective practice involves more than just memorizing movements. Students should strive to understand the specific meaning and combat application of each technique. Consulting written instructions and seeking guidance from experienced instructors at a dedicated Taekwondo school are crucial. Focus on precision, rhythm, power generation through correct body mechanics (low stances), and controlled breathing. The goal is not just to perform the forms but to embody their spirit and purpose.

The Philosophical Underpinnings of ITF Taekwondo

The forms are designed to instill core martial arts values: courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-control, and the indomitable spirit. Each pattern teaches lessons in discipline and focus, transforming not just the body but also the mind. This systematic approach differentiates ITF Taekwondo from other martial disciplines like Karate (with its Kata) or the sport-focused WTF Taekwondo styles and their Poomsae.

ITF vs. WTF Taekwondo: A Clear Distinction

It's important to recognize that while both are Taekwondo, the International Taekwondo Federation and the World Taekwondo Federation diverged due to philosophical and political reasons. ITF Taekwondo emphasizes a more traditional martial arts approach with a strong focus on practical self-defense, power, and the historical lineage of its patterns. WTF Taekwondo, while still teaching fundamental techniques, has largely evolved into an Olympic sport, with WT forms (Taegeuk forms and Poomsae) tailored for competition. Both are valid paths, but their emphasis and approach to forms differ significantly.

Understanding Pattern Applications in ITF Taekwondo

Every ITF Taekwondo pattern carries a specific meaning rooted in Korean history and the independence movement, and this context often hints at its practical uses. For example, the pattern Do-San, named after the Korean patriot Ahn Chang-ho, is more than a tribute to his dedication to Korean independence—it also contains movements designed for defending against multiple attackers, using strategic footwork, and executing effective counterattacks. By exploring the historical background and the intended message of each pattern, practitioners gain insight into how the movements can be adapted for self-defense.

This approach encourages students to look beyond the surface of each pattern. Instead of simply memorizing sequences, they analyze the purpose behind each block, strike, and stance. For instance, the pattern Hwa-Rang, inspired by the elite youth warriors of the Silla Dynasty, includes high kicks and dynamic strikes that can be directly applied to defend against real threats. Understanding the specific meaning and historical context of each pattern helps practitioners appreciate the practical value of their training and prepares them to respond confidently in unpredictable situations.

Translating Forms into Practical Techniques

To make the most of ITF Taekwondo patterns in self-defense, students must learn to break down each form into its individual movements and techniques. This process involves isolating specific blocks, strikes, and stances, then practicing them in realistic scenarios. For example, a turning kick or a knife-hand block from a pattern like Hwa-Rang can be drilled repeatedly in a Taekwondo school, allowing students to develop speed, accuracy, and adaptability.

The International Taekwondo Federation (ITF) emphasizes traditional martial arts techniques and practical self-defense, while the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) often focuses on sport-oriented training. Despite these differences, both organizations recognize the importance of patterns in building martial arts skills. By studying both ITF Taekwondo patterns and WTF Taekwondo forms, practitioners can develop a well-rounded understanding of movement, timing, and application.

Beyond physical techniques, ITF Taekwondo also stresses the importance of mental discipline and focus. Executing patterns with precision requires concentration and a clear mind—qualities that are just as vital in real-world self-defense as they are in the dojang. By cultivating both mental and physical skills, students build the confidence and presence needed to handle challenging situations.

The influence of the Korean independence movement and Korean history is woven throughout ITF Taekwondo patterns. Many forms are named after historical figures such as General Kim Yoo Sin and General Choi Hong Hi, serving as reminders of the resilience and determination that define the art. By connecting with these stories, practitioners not only honor Korean culture but also draw inspiration for their own martial arts journey.

In summary, ITF Taekwondo patterns are much more than routines for belt tests—they are living lessons in self-defense, discipline, and history. By understanding the underlying principles and techniques within each pattern, and by practicing them with purpose, students can develop a comprehensive set of skills to protect themselves and others. Whether training in an ITF or WTF Taekwondo school, the study of patterns remains a cornerstone of martial arts education, linking the wisdom of the past with the practical needs of today.

Conclusion

The 24 ITF Taekwondo forms are a testament to the art's rich heritage, embodying centuries of Korean history, the spirit of the Korean independence movement, and profound philosophical idea. From the foundational Chon-Ji to the aspirational Tong-Il, each pattern is a carefully crafted narrative of human history, legendary figures like General Kim Yoo Sin and General Choi Yong, and the indomitable spirit of Korea.

For every Taekwondo student, truly understanding these patterns is key to unlocking the full potential of the art. They are more than just movements; they are a legacy, a guide for practice, and a pathway to self-mastery. By delving into the names, meanings, and significance of each ITF Taekwondo form, practitioners not only enhance their physical techniques but also connect deeply with the profound wisdom of this powerful martial art.